electric vehicle battery systems

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1 ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES 1
Electric Vehicle Operation 2
Battery Basics 4
Introduction to Electric Vehicle Batteries 4
Fuel Cell Technology 14
Choice of a Battery Type for Electric Vehicles 18
2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY EFFICIENCY 23
Effects of VRLA Battery Formation on Electric Vehicle Performance 23
Regenerative Braking 24
Electric Vehicle Body and Frame 24
Fluids, Lubricants, and Coolants 25
Effects of Current Density on Battery Formation 25
Effects of Excessive Heat on Battery Cycle Life 35
Battery Storage 35
The Lithium-ion Battery 39
Traction Battery Pack Design 41
3 ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY CAPACITY 43
Battery Capacity 43
The Temperature Dependence of Battery Capacity 44
State of Charge of a VRLA Battery 46
Capacity Discharge Testing of VRLA Batteries 51
Battery Capacity Recovery 53
Definition of NiMH Battery Capacity 54
Li-ion Battery Capacity 58
Battery Capacity Tests 60
Energy Balances for the Electric Vehicle 64
4 ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY CHARGING 69
Charging a Single VRLA Battery 69
Charge Completion of a Single VRLA Battery 69
Temperature Compensation During Battery Charging 72
Charging NiMH Batteries 74
Rate of Charge Effect on Charge Acceptance Efficiency of Traction
Battery Packs 74
Environmental Influences on Charging 80
Charging Methods for NiMH Batteries 81
Charging Technology 87
Battery Pack Corrective Actions 91
5 ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY FAST CHARGING 95
The Fast Charging Process 95
Fast Charging Strategies 98
The Fast Charger Configuration 101
Using Equalizing/Leveling Chargers 105
Inductive Charging—Making Recharging Easier 111
Range Testing of Electric Vehicles Using Fast Charging 113
Electric Vehicle Speedometer Calibration 114
6 ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY DISCHARGING 115
Definition of VRLA Battery Capacity 117
Definition of NiMH Battery Capacity 119
Discharge Capacity Behavior 123
Discharge Characteristics of Li-ion Battery 127
Discharge of an Electric Vehicle Battery Pack 128
Cold-Weather Impact on Electric Vehicle Battery Discharge 130
7 ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY PERFORMANCE 133
The Battery Performance Management System 133
BPMS Thermal Management System 137
The BPMS Charging Control 141
High-Voltage Cabling and Disconnects 148
Safety in Battery Design 150
Battery Pack Safety—Electrolyte Spillage and Electric Shock 153
Charging Technology 155
Electrical Insulation Breakdown Detection 157
Electrical Vehicle Component Tests 157
Building Standards 159
Ventilation 159
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