electric drive bus analysis

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary........................................... .................................................. ....... 1
Introduction .................................................. .................................................. ............. 4
What is Our Objective?........................................ .................................................. ....... 4
How This Analysis Was Developed: Our Approach .................................................. ... 5
Overview of Electric Drive Buses
Impetus for Transit Agency Interest in Electric Drive Buses ........................................ 7
Status of Electric-Drive Technologies in Transit Applications.................................... 10
Battery-Electric Buses............................................. ............................................. 11
Hybrid-Electric Buses............................................. .............................................. 15
Fuel Cell Buses .................................................. .................................................. 21
Conclusions: Putting the Focus on Hybrid-Electric Buses ......................................... 25
Focus on Hybrid-Electric Transit Buses
Emissions and Fuel Economy .................................................. ................................. 26
Technical Status: Performance, Reliability, Durability........................................ ........ 28
Capital and Operating Costs .................................................. .................................... 30
Deployment Issues: Training, Maintenance, Safety............................................ ....... 33
Regulatory Status .................................................. .................................................. ... 34
Hybrid Bus Tax Credits........................................... .................................................. .. 34
Benefits and Challenges to Greater Deployment of Hybrid-Electric Buses
Benefits of Wider Hybrid-Electric Transit Bus Deployment ........................................ 35
Barriers or Challenges to Widespread Deployment of Hybrid-Electric Buses ........... 37
Technical Challenges........................................ .................................................. . 37
Cost Barriers .................................................. .................................................. .... 38
Emissions Certification and Testing Challenges........................................ .......... 39
Institutional Barriers .................................................. ........................................... 40
Industry View on Addressing Barriers to Greater Hybrid Bus Deployment ...... 41
Bibliography and Further Reading........................................... ............................... 45
Appendix A: Questionnaire..................................... ................................................. 46
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